Iran's Underground Cities: The Hidden Wonders You Never Knew Existed

Introduction: Iran’s Secret Underground World

Beneath Iran’s deserts and mountains lie ancient underground cities—some over 2,000 years old—built for survival, spirituality, and secrecy. These aren’t just caves; they’re complex labyrinths with ventilation shafts, stables, and even places of worship.

1. Nushabad: The 3-Story Underground Fortress

Located near Kashan, Nushabad (Ouyi) is Iran’s most famous underground city, spanning 4 square kilometers with depths up to 18 meters.

Purpose: Escape from Mongol invasions (13th century) and extreme heat
Features: 3 levels, hidden wells, defensive traps
How to visit: Guided tours from Kashan (1-hour drive)

2. Kandovan: The Troglodyte Village Still Inhabited Today

Unlike Nushabad, Kandovan in East Azerbaijan isn’t fully underground—its cone-shaped rock houses are carved into volcanic ash, with some tunnels connecting dwellings.

Age: Over 800 years old
Unique fact: 168 families still live here year-round
Must-see: The underground mosque and thermal springs

3. Samen: The Underground City of 50,000 People

Discovered in 2005 near Malayer, Samen could house 50,000 people across 25 hectares. Archaeologists believe it dates back to the Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE).

Mystery: No written records exist about its construction
Structure: 25 interconnected chambers with staircases
Status: Partially excavated (not fully open to tourists)

Why Were These Cities Built?

Archaeologists identify three main reasons:

Defense: Protection against invaders (Mongols, Arabs)
Climate control: Staying cool in summer, warm in winter
Secrecy: Hideouts for religious minorities like Zoroastrians

Practical Guide for Visitors

Best Time to Visit

Nushabad/Kashan: March–May (avoid summer heat)
Kandovan: June–September (mild mountain weather)

What to Bring

Flashlight (some areas are poorly lit)
Comfortable shoes (uneven surfaces)
Light jacket (constant 15°C/59°F underground)

Safety Tips

Never explore unmarked tunnels alone
Claustrophobics should avoid deep sections
Check political advisories before travel

Final Thoughts: A Journey Through Time

Iran’s underground cities reveal an ingenious side of Persian history often overshadowed by mosques and palaces. Walking through these tunnels, you’ll marvel at how ancient civilizations thrived against all odds—literally beneath the surface.

Pro tip: Combine Nushabad with a Kashan day trip, or pair Kandovan with Tabriz for a diverse northern Iran itinerary.